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METABOLOMICS

ANALYSES

UNTARGETED METABOLOMICS ANALYSES

While genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics form the foundation of systems biology, the sub-discipline that bridges the information flow between these layers and provides a complete understanding of the structure and function of biological systems is metabolomics. Metabolite levels define phenotypes based on the responses of biological systems to environmental changes, providing complementary and integrative insights into biological processes.

Metabolomics offers a powerful strategy for generating comparative metabolic profiles of patient and control groups to understand disease mechanisms at the molecular level.

ANALYSIS CONTENT

Sample preparation
GC-MS-based metabolomics analyses
LC-MS-based metabolomics analyses
Data preprocessing
Univariate analysis
PCA analysis, PLS-DA analysis
Differential m/z value scanning and identification
ROC curve generation
Pathway analysis

SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS

Sample types: Cells, tissues, urine, whole blood, serum, plasma
Sample volumes: Plasma or serum > 300 μL, urine > 5 mL, tissue > 100 mg, and cells > 10⁷.

TARGETED METABOLOMICS ANALYSES

Metabolomics is defined as the comprehensive examination of all metabolites within a cell or organism. Targeted metabolomics, on the other hand, is a quantitative method used to identify and quantify specific metabolic compounds in organisms.

This approach provides information about the content and composition of metabolites, allowing for the understanding of their connections to biological processes and their variations under different physiological conditions. Consequently, metabolomics approaches play a critical role in investigating biological functions and comparing the metabolic systems of various organisms.

HIGHLIGHTED TARGETED METABOLOMICS ANALYSES

Sulfur metabolism
Amino acid metabolism
Energy metabolism (phosphonucleotides)

PROTEOMICS

ANALYSES

Proteins are vital molecules and key components of biological pathways with numerous functions in living organisms. The proteome is defined as the complete set of proteins expressed, structured, functionalized, interacted, and modified at any stage within a cell, tissue, or organism. Proteomics ultimately aims to characterize the flow of information within cells and organisms through protein pathways and networks, with the goal of understanding the functional relationships of proteins.

The proteome reflects both genetic and environmental dynamics and holds great potential for biomarker discovery due to its susceptibility to changes in response to diseases. Unlike the genome, which remains static, the proteome is variable and undergoes modifications. This dynamic nature, combined with the interaction of proteins with other cellular components and their role in cellular activities, grants proteomics a distinctive significance in systems biology studies.

Proteins play roles in various biological processes, such as DNA replication and the catalysis of metabolic reactions. The levels and activities of proteins can change qualitatively or quantitatively in response to processes occurring in the cell or external factors. As a result, proteomics provides a snapshot of the dynamic biological systems at a given time. This makes proteomics essential for the early diagnosis of diseases, monitoring their progression, and determining prognoses. It also plays a critical role in drug development by identifying target molecules.

Proteomics is complex, especially in eukaryotic cells, where post-translational modifications occur in different regions through various pathways. This complexity provides opportunities for exploring protein-protein interactions, gaining deeper insights into cancer pathogenesis, and discovering new biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.

LIPIDOMICS

ANALYSES

Lipidomics is a key sub-discipline of systems biology that aims to study lipid metabolism on a large scale and uncover the biochemical mechanisms underlying specific changes in living organisms. Lipids play critical roles in cellular functions, including forming cellular barriers, membrane matrices, signaling processes, and energy storage.

Cellular lipids are highly dynamic, constantly changing with physiological, pathological, and environmental conditions. They are also incredibly complex, spanning concentration ranges from amol to nmol/mg protein.

The biophysical properties of membranes are influenced by seemingly minor but structurally significant differences among individual lipid species, such as the number, location, and geometry of double bonds in acyl chains. These properties regulate protein functions by guiding membrane development and fission events. Lipids in membranes act collectively rather than as individual molecules, making their quantitative and comprehensive analysis essential for understanding their biological functions.

FLUXOMICS

ANALYSES

The identification of metabolic pathways affected by diseases allows for early diagnosis and personalized treatment based on molecular differences. Characterizing metabolic phenotypes requires not only the determination of metabolite levels but also the measurement of cycle fluxes.

Notably, many metabolites may exist at low concentrations while exhibiting high flux or turnover rates. Conversely, significant changes in fluxes may occur without substantial alterations in metabolite concentrations. Therefore, both metabolomic profiling and flux measurements are essential for a complete understanding of metabolic dynamics. Analyses that calculate turnover rates alongside metabolite levels are referred to as fluxomics.

HIGHLIGHTED PATHWAYS

Glycolysis Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Krebs Cycle
Amino Acid Metabolism

BIOINFORMATICS

ANALYSES

Mass spectrometry (MS) data bioinformatics is a field that aims to analyze and interpret mass spectrometry data using bioinformatics principles and methods. In life sciences research, mass spectrometry technology is widely used to analyze the mass-to-charge ratios and charges of proteins, metabolites, and other important biomolecules. This method opens a significant gateway for discovering molecular structures and changes in biological samples. However, the large and complex datasets obtained from mass spectrometry experiments require the careful application of bioinformatics techniques for their analysis and interpretation.

Mass spectrometry data bioinformatics encompasses a range of computational and analytical strategies. These strategies include fundamental data preprocessing steps such as peak detection, peak matching, and peak quantification. In addition, differential analysis is a critical tool for comparing spectral features between different samples. Furthermore, bioinformatics covers various applications such as functional annotation, pathway analysis, and the analysis of protein-protein interaction networks. Through the integration of these versatile techniques, researchers can uncover molecular relationships and illuminate the fundamental mechanisms of biological processes.

Proteomics: Proteomics, used in complex samples for protein identification, quantification, and functional description, provides details on differences, modifications, and interactions in protein expression.
Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analyses: By comprehensively examining all metabolites and lipids in organisms, metabolomics and lipidomics aim to understand the dynamic structure of biochemical mechanisms and cellular processes.

MICROFLUIDIC

CHIP DESIGNS

Biomic Science provides innovative solutions in biotechnology and life sciences with expertise in microfluidic chip technology. Microfluidic chips are devices with microchannels on the micron scale, designed to move or analyze liquid volumes smaller than a droplet. Considering that a human hair is approximately 100 microns thick, the precision offered by microfluidic chips becomes even more apparent.

These technologies are increasingly used in biological sciences due to their cost-effectiveness and rapid results. Particularly in applications such as:

Lab-on-a-Chip Devices: Rapid disease diagnosis.
Organ-on-a-Chip Studies: Simulations of organisms.

At Biomic Science, we deliver the advantages of microfluidic chips, enabling precise and controlled experiments with customizable solutions tailored to your research projects. Our chips, produced using the Formlabs 4 3D printer, provide high precision, flexibility, and durability.